Among the most compelling arguments in favour of Daily Meditation providing benefits to humans is research undertaken by Professor Sara Lazar, a neuroscientist at Massachusetts General Hospital.
MRI Study
In her first study on this subject, Professor Lazar utilised a Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine (MRI).
The study involved two groups of people; a group who had never meditated before and another group that meditated on a regular basis.
The subjects within both groups had their brains scanned using an MRI scanner. It was found that there was more grey matter in the group of meditators than that of the non-meditators.
8-Week Mindfulness Stress Reduction MBSR Study
Following the success of her first study, Dr. Lazar embarked on a second study; involving a group of ‘non-meditators’, with whom she began an 8-week meditation programme.
Both before and after completion of their 8-week programme this group then had their brains scanned, Professor Lazar found that after just 8 weeks the brain structure of the subjects had changed.
The hippocampus area of the brain had grown.
This is significant because individuals who suffer from depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been associated to a small hippocampus.
If meditating regularly can increase the size of one’s hippocampus, then meditating can help to alleviate symptoms of depression and PTSD.
The MRI scans undertaken by Professor Lazar also observed that areas of the brain associated with:
• Empathy
• Creativity
• Compassion
Which had all been positively affected by the 8-week meditation course.
Additional observations made during this study demonstrated that the Amygdala; an area of the brain which can be located towards the front of the structure and which is mainly associated with
• Anger
• Fear
• Stress
was reduced in size as a result of the 8-week meditation course.
The MRI scan showed that this part of the brain got smaller, decreasing the grey matter within that section of the brain. As a result of the shrinking of the Amygdala the associated emotions were also dampened.
This study, with its use of MRI technology is very compelling as it offers proof that meditation changes brain structure, resulting in direct changes to human emotions.
Neuroplasticity Research
Dr David Hamilton has conducted research on Neuroplasticity; this being our brains ability to undergo biological changes and cortical remapping.
The research provides evidence that the human brain is always evolving and is always capable of both improved and impaired performance; based primarily on the external factors which influence both our thought processes and the physical organ itself.
Dr. Hamilton believes that meditating specifically on acts of kindness, produce a biochemical response within our brains, producing a chemical called Oxytocin.
The production of Oxytocin, being the direct opposite to stress hormones; is the leading candidate for the positive impact that Loving-Kindness Meditation has on reducing the attrition of ‘telomeres’.
Brainwaves
Dr. Herbert Benson a professor at Harvard’s Medical School utilised the Electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain activity when subjects entered meditative states.
Through his studies Dr. Benson was able to measure these brainwaves using the EEG machine to show how our brain waves change when meditating.
There are 5 different types of brain waves ranging from high to low.
Starting with the highest we have the Gamma waves; these waves are associated with problem solving and normal human consciousness.
Next on the scale is the Beta brain wave which is also a high frequency wave which is mainly used when we are busy thinking, actively concentrating and going about our usual day to day activities. Mediation reduces the frequency of our brain waves, slowing the activity of the brain.
When our brain waves reach an Alpha brain wave frequency, we are in a calm and relaxed state, yet we are still alert.
When we reach a deep meditated state and are fully relaxed, this is when we activate the Theta brain waves. Retaining consciousness at this brain wave state is a challenge, yet still poses a very realistic goal for most meditation practitioners to achieve.
Beyond the Theta frequency we have Delta brain waves; associated with deep sleep and unconsciousness. It is widely accepted that to remain conscious during this state is very rare indeed.
New Scientist Article
Recent scientific research published on the NewScientist website has also shown that about one in 12 people who have tried a meditation experience have had unwanted, negative effects.
According to the first systematic reviews of the evidence it has been shown that there have been occasions where the meditators anxiety/depression symptoms have become worse and possibly been caused by the commencement of meditation.
It is worth noting that a guided meditation option led by an accredited teacher; is highly recommended and can help to mitigate these negative aspects. Whilst it is important to acknowledge the findings of this study, the sheer weight of evidence to the contrary would strongly suggest that there are significant benefits to humans who adopt a daily meditation routine.
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